Home / College Guide / July 23 - This Day in History Austro-Hungarian Empire Issues Ultimatum to Serbia |
Posted on Wednesday, July 24 @ 00:00:17 PDT |

Once again, it should be reiterated, that this does not pretend to be a very extensive history of what happened on this day (nor is it the most original - the links can be found down below). If you know something that I am missing, by all means, shoot me an email or leave a comment, and let me know!
http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history
July 23, 1914: Austria-Hungary issues ultimatum to Serbia
At six oclock in the evening on July 23, 1914, nearly one month after the assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife by a young Serbian nationalist in Sarajevo, Bosnia, Baron Giesl von Gieslingen, ambassador of the Austro-Hungarian Empire to Serbia, delivers an ultimatum to the Serbian foreign ministry.
Acting with the full support of its allies in Berlin, Austria-Hungary had determined in the aftermath of Franz Ferdinands assassination to pursue a hard-line policy towards Serbia. Their plan, developed in coordination with the German foreign office, was to force a military conflict that would, Vienna hoped, end quickly and decisively with a crushing Austrian victory before the rest of Europe—namely, Serbias powerful ally, Russia—had time to react. As the German ambassador to Vienna reported to his government on July 14, the [note] to Serbia is being composed so that the possibility of its being accepted is practically excluded.
According to the terms of the ultimatum delivered on July 23, the Serbian government would have to accept an Austro-Hungarian inquiry into the assassination, notwithstanding its claim that it was already conducting its own internal investigation. Serbia was also to suppress all anti-Austrian propaganda and to take steps to root out and eliminate terrorist organizations within its borders—one such organization, the Black Hand, was believed to have aided and abetted the archdukes killer, Gavrilo Princip, and his cohorts, providing weapons and safe passage from Belgrade to Sarajevo. The Dual Monarchy demanded an answer to the note within 48 hours—by that time, however, anticipating Serbian defiance, Gieslingen had already packed his bags and prepared to leave the embassy.
While the world waited for Serbias response, Germany worked diplomatically to contain the effects of the ultimatum, but none of the other great powers, with reason, were inclined to see Austria-Hungary, with its relatively weak military, as acting alone. By 1914, the battle lines had been drawn in Europe: if Germany stood with Austria-Hungary against Serbia (and by extension, Russia) then Russias allies, France and Britain, would be likely to step into the fray as well.
The British cabinet, just after receiving the news of the Austrian note to Serbia, held a meeting in London, one that had previously been devoted to discussing Irelands desire for independence. This note, as Winston Churchill famously wrote, was clearly an ultimatum, but it was an ultimatum such as had never been penned in modern times. As the reading proceeded it seemed absolutely impossible that any State in the world could accept it, or that any acceptance, however abject, would satisfy the aggressor. The parishes of Fermanagh and Tyrone faded back into the mists and squalls of Ireland, and a strange light beganto fall upon the map of Europe.
On receipt of the ultimatum, Serbia at once appealed to Russia, whose council of ministers met on July 24 to determine a course of action. Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Sazonov voiced his belief that Germany was using the crisis over the archdukes death as a pretext for starting a preventive war to defend its interests in the region. Defying Austro-German expectations that Russia would back down in the case of such a conflict, the council agreed to order four military districts to prepare for mobilization.
Meanwhile, in Belgrade on the afternoon of July 25, convinced that Austria-Hungary was preparing for a fight, Serbian Prime Minister Nicola Pasic ordered the Serbian army to mobilize.
Pasic himself delivered the Serbian answer to the ultimatum to Gieslingen at the Austrian embassy, just before the 6 p.m. deadline. Serbias response effectively accepted all terms of the ultimatum but one: it would not accept Austria-Hungarys participation in any internal inquiry, stating that this would be a violation of the Constitution and of the law of criminal procedure. This response did much to appeal Pasic and his country to international observers of the conflict; to Vienna, however, it made little difference. Gieslingen, bags packed and car waiting to drive him to the railroad station, broke the Dual Monarchys diplomatic relations with Serbia and left to catch his train. Three days later, on July 28, 1914, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, beginning the First World War.
Here was something of relevance that occurred on this date as well: Marshal Henri Pétain a hero for France for World War I, and the dictator of France during the dark days of the authoritarian Vichy regime, died on this day in 1951.
July 23, 1951: Petain, leader of the Vichy government, dies
On this day in 1951, General Henri-Philippe Petain, French national hero of World War I, who was convicted of collaboration with the German occupiers of his country during World War II and sentenced to life in prison, dies.
He is 95.
A graduate of Saint-Cyr Military Academy, Petain served as a second lieutenant in the Alpine regiment, where he developed a reputation for camaraderie with the average foot soldier. He then went on to a controversial teaching career at the War College, where he propounded theories that were in direct conflict with commonly held ideas, especially his contention that a strong defense was the key to victory, not the always be on the attack strategy common to the French military at the time.
During World War I, General Petain distinguished himself at the Battle of Verdun, during which he successfully repulsed German attacks on the fortress city. He was an inspiration to his troops and successfully squelched near mutinies within the army after disastrous offensives led by General Robert-Georges Nivelle. Petain regained the confidence—and loyalty—of those soldiers when he was named Nivelles successor, improving their living conditions and initiating open communication between command and troops.
After the outbreak of World War II, Petain was named vice premier by Premier Paul Reynaud. As Germany began to overrun more French territory, the French Cabinet became desperate. Reynaud continued to hold out hope, refusing to ask for an armistice, especially now that France had received assurance from Britain that the two would fight as one, and that Britain would continue to fight the Germans even if France were completely overtaken.
But others in the government were despondent and wanted to sue for peace. Reynaud resigned in protest. Petain then formed a new government and asked the Germans for an armistice—in effect, surrendering. The man who had become a legendary war hero for successfully fighting off a German attack on French soil was now surrendering to Hitler.
In the city of Vichy, the French Senate and Chamber of Deputies conferred on the 84-year-old general the title of Chief of State, making him a virtual dictator—although one controlled by Berlin. Petain believed that he could negotiate a better deal for his country—for example, obtaining the release of prisoners of war—by cooperating, or, as some would say, appeasing, the Germans.
When Paris was finally liberated by General Charles de Gaulle in 1944, Petain fled to Germany. He was brought back after the war to stand trial for his double-dealing ways. He was sentenced to death, which was then commuted to life in solitary confinement. He died at 95 in a prison fortress. Ironically, the man responsible for saving his life was De Gaulle. He and Petain had fought in the same unit in World War I. Petains bravery during that world war had not been forgotten.
I thought that this was pretty interesting, as well. Roger Sherman, one of the Founding Fathers, died on this day in 1793:
July 23, 1793: Connecticut Patriot Roger Sherman dies
On this day in 1793, Roger Sherman, a Connecticut Patriot and member of the Committee of Five selected to draft the Declaration of Independence, dies of typhoid in New Haven, Connecticut, at age 72. Sherman alone among the Patriots of the American Revolution signed all four documents gradually assigning sovereignty to the new United States: the Continental Association of 1774, the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution. Thomas Jefferson credited Sherman with having never said a foolish thing in his life.
Although Sherman was a self-educated shoemaker, raised on the western frontier of Massachusetts, he would eventually distinguish himself as a surveyor and astronomer; join the Bar of Litchfield, Connecticut; and serve as both a professor of religion and treasurer of Yale College in New Haven, Connecticut. He served in numerous elective and judicial offices, including in the Second Continental Congress, in the Connecticut General Assembly, and as justice of the peace, justice of the Superior Court of Connecticut and a representative in the first United States Congress.
Sherman was the mayor of New Haven and a member of the United States Senate at the time of his death. Sherman was as prolific in his personal life as he was in his political career. He had seven children with his first wife, Elizabeth Hartwell, and eight more with his second wife, Rebecca Minot Prescott.
Sherman was buried near the Yale campus. He is remembered with a statue at the National Constitution Center in Philadelphia and a street named in his honor in Madison, Wisconsin. Arabs gained control of most of Palestine from the Byzantine Empire on this date in history in 636. Also on this day in 1148, Crusaders attacked Damascus in Syria. Frederik II crowns himself Roman Catholic king on this day in 1215. On this day in 1253, Jews were expelled from Vienne, France, by order of Pope Innocent III. More depressing news, as it was on this day in 1298 that the Rindfleisch Persecutions too place, when a Jewish community in Wurzburg Germany, was massacred. The Battle of Shrewsbury, fought between the Percys against King Henry IV, took place on this day in 1403. On this day in 1431, G Cesarini opened the Counsel of Basel (Ferrara/Florence). The Battle at Gavere, where Philip the Good defeated the Gentse rebellion, took place on this day in 1453.
In 1532, Karel I & the evangelical monarchy signed the Peace of Neurenberg on this date. Also on this day in 1540, the Ottoman Empire recognized Janos Sigismund Zapolyai as vassal-king of Hungary. The Battle at Grevelingen took place o this day in 1558, when General and Earl Lamoraal van Egmont defeated France on this day. Caravaggios first public commission for paintings fell on this day in 1599. On this day in 1632, threee hundred colonists left Dieppe, France, heading for New France (Canada). On this day in 1645, Aleksei Mihailovitch Romanov succeeded his father Michael as Czar of Russia. Four British ships arrived at Boston on this day in 1664 to force the Dutch out of New York. The first lighthouse in the United States was authorized for construction at Little Brewster Island, Massachusetts, on this day in 1715. In 1726 on this day, Benjamin Franklin sailed back to Philadelphia. Charles Stuart, the Younger, landed at Eriskay Island, Hebrides, on this day in 1745. In 1764 on this day, James Otis published views on taxation without representation. The Prussians conquered Mayence on this day in 1793. Napoleon captured Alexandria, Egypt, on this day in 1798. Robert Emmett led a rebellion in Dublin, Ireland, on this day in 1803.
The Battle of Mogilev between Russia and France took place on this day in 1812 in the early stages of Napoleans invasion of Russia. It was on this day in 1829 that William Burt patented the typographer, which was essentially the first typewriter. On this day in 1834 the HMS Beagle, which of course was part of the journey where young Charles Darwin would develop his theories on the evolution of species, anchored in Bay of Valparaiso in Chile. The Union Act was passed by British Parliament on this day in 1840, uniting Upper & Lower Canada. On this day in 1848, the Battle of Custoza in theItalian War of Independence began. In 1851 on this day, the Treaty of Traverse des Sioux was signed between Sioux Indians and the United States. The Jewish Disabilities Removal Act was passed by the British Parliament on this day in 1858. In 1864 on this day during the American Civil War, the Battle of Woodstock, Virginia took place. On this day in 1870, Emperor Napoleon III appointed the Empress Eugenie as Regent of France. Aires de Ornelas e Vasconcelos was appointed as the Archbishop of the Portuguese colonial enclave of Goa.on this day in 1874. The first telephone & telegraph line in Hawaii completed on this day in 1877.
Also, on this day in 1880, the first commercial hydroelectric power planet was started in Grand Rapids, Michigan. Ulysses S. Grant, the 18th President of the United States, died on this day in 1885 at Mount McGregor, N.Y., at the age of 63. On this day in 1900, the Pan-African Congress met in London. In 1903 on this day, the Ford Motor Company sold its first Model A car. Heres a good one for these hot summer days: t he ice cream cone was invented by Charles E. Menches on this day in 1904 during the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St. Louis, Missouri. There were po groms against Jews in Odessa on this day in 1906. On this day in 1913, Arabs attacked the Jewish community of Rechovot in Palestine. On this day in 1914, shortly after the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand by a Serbian assassin, Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia. This was one of the major actions that ultimately led to the outbreak of World War I. British East Africa was renamed Kenya on this day in 1920 & became a British crown colony. The Chinese Communist Party formed on this day in 1921 under Henk Sneevliet. 1926 - On this day in 1926 in France, the government of Poincaré was formed. In 1929 on this day, the Fascist government of Italy banned the use of foreign words.
One year later, an earthquake struck in Ariano Italy, with 1,500 ultimately killed. On this day in 1935, an airplane crashed into the Empire State Building. In science new, on this day in 1937, the isolation of pituitary hormone was announced at Yale University. This is also the anniversary of the German bombing of London during an all night Blitz air raid by German bombers. This was a busy day during World War II in 1942. On this day, the Germans conquered Rostow. Also on this day in 1942, Hitlers Directive #45, an order for German troops to occupy Stalingrad, was issued. Ultimately, however, the German Army was not able to satisfy this order by Hitler, and that would prove to be the major turning point of the war against the Germans. Also on this day in 1942, the Treblinka Concentration Camp was destroyed. Finally on this day in 1942, Operation Edelweiss was begun. This say is the anniversary of Battle of Koersk in 1943, when Soviets forces defeated Nazi Germany defeat (6,000 tanks). On that same day, the US 45th Infantry division occupied the north coast of Termini. On this day in 1944, the Conference of Bretton Woods was signed; and the IMF operations began. This day in history was a busy one in 1944 during World War II.
The Soviet Army marched into Lublin, Poland. Also on this day in 1944, American forces invaded Japanese-held Tinian in the Pacific, and occupied Pisa, Italy in Europe. On this day in 1945, the former World War I hero turned disgraced French collaborationist dictator of the Vichy government Marshal Henri Pétain went on trial . He would be given a life sentence. Interestingly, Pétain also died on this day in 1951 at the age of 95 and regarded as a disgrace. On this day in 1946, Menachem Begins opposition group bombed King David Hotel. There was a bloodless coup in Egypt on this day in 1952, as r evolution broke out in Egypt, with the military taking power. The next year, the monarchy was overthrown and abolished, with the day turning into a holiday (National Day). For the first time since the days of pharaohs, Egypt was again ruled by Egyptians. Egyptian military officers led by Gamal Abdel Nasser overthrew King Farouk I. General Neguib seized power, Monarchy overthrown in Egypt (Natl Day). On this day in 1956, the Bell X-2 rocket plane set a new world aircraft speed record of 3,050 kph. Also on this day in 1956, the Loi Cadre was passed by the French Republic in order to govern French overseas territory affairs.
In 1958 on this day, the first four women were named to peerage in the House of Lords in the United Kingdom. Also today in 1958, t he submarine Nautilus took off from Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, uwith orders to conduct Operation Sunshine. This mission made this the first vessel to cross the North Pole by ship. The Nautilus achieved the goal on August 3, 1958. On this day in 1959, American Vice-President Richard Nixon began his visit of the USSR. It was on this day in 1962 that the International Agreement on the Neutrality of Laos is signed. On this day in 1964, the Egyptian munition ship Star of Alexandria exploded at dockside in Bone, Algeria, killing 100 and injuring 160 more, with $20 million of damage. The Beatles released the album Help in the UK on this day in 1965. Also in Beatles news, the Cavern Club in Liverpool reopened on this day in 1966. It was on this day in 1966 that Napoleon XIV released Theyre Coming to Take Me Away, Ha! Ha! There was a major race riot in Detroit on this day in 1967, with 43 dying and over 2,000 injured, and with 442 fires overall. On this day in 1968 came the first hijacking by the Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO) of an El Al plane. In 1968 on this day, there was a race riot in Cleveland, with 11 overall killed, including three police officers.
On this day in 1970, Qaboos ibn Said became the Sultan of Oman after overthrowing his father, Said ibn Taimur.
In 1972 on this day, the U.S. launched Landsat 1 (ERTS-1), which proved to be the first Earth-resources satellite. On this day in 1973, an Ozark AL plane knocked out of air by lightning, St Louis-36 die. On this day in 1973, President Richard Nixon refused to release Watergate tapes of conversations in the White House relevant to the Watergate investigation. In 1974 on this day, the Greek military dictatorship collapsed. In 1976 on this day, Wings released Let em In. The Israeli government rejects Sadats call for return of 2 Sinai areas on this day in 1978, On this day in 1980, Billy Carter admitted to being paid by Libya. In 1980 on this day, President Jimmy Carter designated the River of No Return Wilderness Area. Also on this day in 1980, the Soyuz 37 ferried a couple of cosmonauts (ione was Vietnamese) to Salyut 6. In 1982 on this day, the FCC approved AM stereo radio, KTSA San Antonio goes stereo. On this day in 1982, the International Whaling Commision voted for a total ban on commercial whaling, which began in 1985. In 1986 on this day, King Hassan II met with Israeli premier Simon Peres.
1989 - On this day in FOX-TV tops ABC, NBC & CBS for 1st time (Americas Most Wanted)
1989 - Winds gust to 85 MPH at Fort Smith Arkansas
1990 - South-Africa workers union leader Billy Nair arrested
1991 - James Farentino of Dynasty arrested in Canada for cocaine possession
1991 - Rob Dibble back from 3-game suspension, is ejected for throwing at & hitting Cubs baserunner Doug Dascenzo Cubs win, 8-5
1992 - Bruce Springsteen begins a world tour
1992 - Emperor Haile Selassie, [Ras Tafari Makonnen] of Ethiopias, funeral
1993 - Boon completes 17th Test Cricket century, 107 at Headingley
1993 - British Aerospace 147 crash at Yinchuan, 55 killed
1993 - Chinese B737 crash at Yinchuan, at least 66 killed
1993 - Chris Boardman bicycles world record 1 hour distance (52,270 km)
1993 - NY Yankee Mark Hutton is 1st Australian to be a starting pitcher, He beats Angels 5-2; Yanks, Red Sox, Blue Jays 3 way tie for 1st
1994 - All 40,000 ceiling tiles in Kingdome must be replaced
1994 - Amy Osmond, of Utah, 17, crowned Americas Junior Miss
1994 - Dancer Gene Kelly suffers a mild stroke
1994 - Don Mattingly becomes 6th NY Yankee to get 2,000 hits
1994 - Goodwill Games open in St Petersburg
1994 - Longest baseball rain delay (3:39) as Giants beat Mets 4-2 in NYC
1994 - Space shuttle STS-65: Columbia 17, lands after record 14 days 55 mins
1995 - Hamlet closes at Belasco Theater NYC after 121 performances
1995 - 124th British Golf Open: John Daly shoots a 282 at St Andrews Scotland
1995 - Miguel Indurains wins his 5th Tour de France
1995 - Tracy Kerdyk wins LPGA JAL Big Apple Golf Classic
1995 - The Hale-Bopp comet was discovered by Alan Hale and Thomas Bopp, and became visible to the naked eye one year later.
1997 Serbian president Slobodan Milosevic was sworn in as president of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. 1997 - Dallas TV Station KXAS settle with Dallas Cowboys Michael Irvin & Erik Williams for reporting false sex assault allegations against them 1998 - U.S. scientists at the University of Hawaii turned out more than 50 carbon-copy mice, with a cloning technique.
1999 - Crown Prince Mohammed Ben Al-Hassan is crowned King Mohammed VI of Morocco on the death of his father.
1999 - ANA Flight 61 is hijacked in Tokyo, Japan.
2000 - 129th British Golf Open: at Royal Lytham
2000 - 55th US Womens Open Golf Championship
2005 - Three bombs explode in the Naama Bay area of Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt, killing 88 people.
2008 - Cape Verde joins the World Trade Organization, becoming its 153rd member.
2009 - Mark Buehrle of the Chicago White Sox becomes the 18th pitcher to throw a perfect game in Major League Baseball history, defeating the Tampa Bay Rays 5-0.
2012 - A series of attacks across Iraq kill 103 people
This was an important, if shameful, day in the history of Marshal Henri Pétain, who was sent to trial on this date for treason in 1945, and later died on this same date in 1951. A bloodless coup by the military precipitated a revolution in Egypt.
South African union leader Billy Nair was arrested on this day in 1990, while reform was allegedly underway in South Africa.
1980 - River of No Return Wilderness Area designated by Jimmy Carter
1980 - Soyuz 37 ferries 2 cosmonauts (1 Vietnamese) to Salyut 6
1982 - FCC approves AM stereo radio, KTSA San Antonio goes stereo
1982 - Intl Whaling Comn votes for total ban on coml whaling (starting 1985)
1983 - Gimli Glider: Air Canada Flight 143 runs out of fuel and makes a deadstick landing at Gimli, Manitoba.
1984 - KC Royals Dan Quisenberry gets his 200th career save
1984 - Suzette Charles (NJ), 21, replaces Williams as 57th Miss America 1984
1984 - Miss America, Vanessa Williams, turned in her crown after it had been discovered that nude photos of her had appeared in Penthouse magazine. She was the first to resign the title. 1986 - Britains Prince Andrew married Sarah Ferguson at Westminster Abbey in London. They divorced in 1996.
1986 - King Hassan II meets with Israeli premier Simon Peres
1987 - Petra Felke (E Ger) throws javelin 78.89 m (womens record)
1987 - RNI (Bkln NY pirate radio station) begins broadcasting on 1620 AM
1987 - Red Sox waive Bill Buckner, the goat of last years World Series
1987 - Said Aouita of Morocco runs world record 5,000 m (12:58.
39)
1988 - Saskatchewans Dave Ridgway kicks record 8 field goals vs Edmonton
1989 - 118th British Golf Open: Mark Calcavecchia shoots a 275 at Royal Troon
1989 - Amy Alcott wins LPGA Boston Five Golf Classic
1989 - FOX-TV tops ABC, NBC & CBS for 1st time (Americas Most Wanted)
1989 - Winds gust to 85 MPH at Fort Smith Arkansas
1990 - Rosie Jones, (St Louis), 26, crowned 22nd Miss Black America
1990 - South-Africa workers union leader Billy Nair arrested
1991 - James Farentino of Dynasty arrested in Canada for cocaine possession
1991 - Rob Dibble back from 3-game suspension, is ejected for throwing at & hitting Cubs baserunner Doug Dascenzo Cubs win, 8-5
1992 - Bruce Springsteen begins a world tour
1992 - Emperor Haile Selassie, [Ras Tafari Makonnen] of Ethiopias, funeral
1993 - Boon completes 17th Test Cricket century, 107 at Headingley
1993 - British Aerospace 147 crash at Yinchuan, 55 killed
1993 - Chinese B737 crash at Yinchuan, at least 66 killed
1993 - Chris Boardman bicycles world record 1 hour distance (52,270 km)
1993 - NY Yankee Mark Hutton is 1st Australian to be a starting pitcher, He beats Angels 5-2; Yanks, Red Sox, Blue Jays 3 way tie for 1st
1994 - All 40,000 ceiling tiles in Kingdome must be replaced
1994 - Amy Osmond, of Utah, 17, crowned Americas Junior Miss
1994 - Dancer Gene Kelly suffers a mild stroke
1994 - Don Mattingly becomes 6th NY Yankee to get 2,000 hits
1994 - Goodwill Games open in St Petersburg
1994 - Longest baseball rain delay (3:39) as Giants beat Mets 4-2 in NYC
1994 - Space shuttle STS-65: Columbia 17, lands after record 14 days 55 mins
1995 - Hamlet closes at Belasco Theater NYC after 121 performances
1995 - 124th British Golf Open: John Daly shoots a 282 at St Andrews Scotland
1995 - Miguel Indurains wins his 5th Tour de France
1995 - Tracy Kerdyk wins LPGA JAL Big Apple Golf Classic
1995 - The Hale-Bopp comet was discovered by Alan Hale and Thomas Bopp, and became visible to the naked eye one year later.
1997 Serbian president Slobodan Milosevic was sworn in as president of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. 1997 - Dallas TV Station KXAS settle with Dallas Cowboys Michael Irvin & Erik Williams for reporting false sex assault allegations against them 1998 - U.S. scientists at the University of Hawaii turned out more than 50 carbon-copy mice, with a cloning technique.
1999 - Crown Prince Mohammed Ben Al-Hassan is crowned King Mohammed VI of Morocco on the death of his father.
1999 - ANA Flight 61 is hijacked in Tokyo, Japan.
2000 - 129th British Golf Open: at Royal Lytham
2000 - 55th US Womens Open Golf Championship
2005 - Three bombs explode in the Naama Bay area of Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt, killing 88 people.
2008 - Cape Verde joins the World Trade Organization, becoming its 153rd member.
2009 - Mark Buehrle of the Chicago White Sox becomes the 18th pitcher to throw a perfect game in Major League Baseball history, defeating the Tampa Bay Rays 5-0.
2012 - A series of attacks across Iraq kill 103 people
The following links are to web sites that were used to complete this blog entry:
http://www.historyorb.com/today/events.php
http://on-this-day.com/onthisday/thedays/alldays/jul23.htm
http://www.
history.com/this-day-in-history
http://www.infoplease.com/dayinhistory
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